Hubs function in a 50 percent-duplex model. The 50 %-duplex design raises security and privateness concerns as it can't safeguard or quarantine targeted traffic. Additionally, it offers a sensible challenge when it comes to website traffic management: Units with a hub perform for a network section and share a collision area.
Gateways are also referred to as protocol converters and might function at any network layer. Gateways are typically much more complicated than switches or routers.
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